Abstract
This Article explores the conditions under which a U.S. statute over¬rides an earlier self-executing treaty. Focusing on the often blurred distinction between three types of statute-treaty relationships—reconcilable inconsistencies, textual repugnancies, and conflicts—the Article concludes that, contrary to a common view, there is no contra¬diction between the 1888 Supreme Court decision in Whitney v. Rob¬ertson, stating that in the event of a conflict between a statute and a treaty the later-in-time provision always controls, and the Court’s 1933 decision in Cook v. United States, holding that a later-in-time statute does not override an earlier treaty without a clear expression of con¬gressional intent to override. The Article explains that Cook merely finds no conflict to which Whitney’s later-in-time rule might apply: Together, the two decisions harmoniously stand for the proposition that while typically a later-in-time treaty overrides an earlier repug¬nant statute, a later-in-time statute overrides an earlier repugnant treaty only if Congress has clearly expressed its intent to override or if not overriding the treaty would render the statute a nullity. Though the Court did not say as much, Cook’s approach is an application of the canon of construction favoring a specific provision over a general one. Reconceptualized this way, Cook cannot be said to give general pri¬macy to treaties over statutes.
Recommended Citation
Rosenbloom, H. David and Shaheen, Fadi
(2023)
"Treaty Override: The False Conflict Between Whitney and Cook,"
Florida Tax Review: Vol. 24:
No.
2, Article 1.
Available at:
https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/ftr/vol24/iss2/1